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WINDOWS 10 LEGAL WITHOUT ACTIVATION?

if i download ISO from https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/software-download/windows10ISO then i install it in my PC without activation, it is legal?

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Brian Tillman [Outlook MVP 2007-2019] on Movate

Brian Tillman [Outlook MVP 2007-2019] on Movate

Replied on May 16, 2019Report abuse

No. Every Windows installation requires a license. The ISO will install and work properly for 60 days, but then features will stop working and your PC will reboot at random times until you enter a legitimate product key.

Brian

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Greg Carmack

Greg Carmack

Replied on May 16, 2019Report abuse

Hi Dedi. I’m Greg, an installation specialist and 9 year Windows MVP here to help you.

It’s legal to install Windows 10 before you activate it, but you’ll not be able to personalize it or access some other features.

Make sure if you buy a Product Key to get it from a major retailer who backs their sales or Microsoft as any really cheap keys are almost always bogus. Here’s how to buy one from Microsoft: http://www.microsoftstore.com/store/msusa/en_US…

I hope this helps. Feel free to ask back any questions and keep me posted. If you’ll wait to rate whether my post helped you, I will keep working with you until it’s resolved.

________________________________________________________

Standard Disclaimer: There are links to non-Microsoft websites. The pages appear to be providing accurate, safe information. Watch out for ads on the sites that may advertise products frequently classified as a PUP (Potentially Unwanted Products). Thoroughly research any product advertised on the sites before you decide to download and install it.

_________________

I will not quit for those who work with me.

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LT

Lee Teck Koon

Replied on May 16, 2019Report abuse

Hi ,

I’m a newly qualified Independent Advisor.

While installing Windows without a license is not illegal, activating it thru other means without an officially purchased product key is illegal.

As for how Long Can You Use Windows 10 Without Activation?
—————————————————————————————————————-
How long can you use Windows 10 without activation?
Well, we cannot say for how many days one can use Windows 10 without activation as Windows 10 seems to work without activation for years.

Since inactivated Windows 10 install doesn’t stop working or booting up after x number of days, it’s hard to tell how long one can use Windows 10 without activation. That said, if you would like to run Windows 10 without any annoying messages and want to have access to all its settings, you need to activate Windows 10 from day one only.

What happens when you run Windows 10 without activation?
Windows 10 displays “Activate Windows. Go to settings to activate Windows” watermark at the lower right corner of the desktop when running Windows 10 without activation.

When you are running an unlicensed copy of Windows 10, you will get “Windows isn’t activated. Activate Windows now” message at the home page of the Settings app. You will get “You need to activate Windows before you can personalize your PC” message on all pages under the Personalization category.

how long can you use Windows 10 without activation pic1

When it comes to functionality, you won’t be able to personalize the desktop background, window title bar, taskbar, and Start color, change the theme, customize Start, taskbar, and lock screen. However, you can set a new desktop background from the File Explorer without activating Windows 10.

how long can you use Windows 10 without activation pic3

The Settings > Update & Security > Activation page also displays the “Windows is not activated” message if your Windows 10 is not activated.

Additionally, you might periodically get messages asking to activate your copy of Windows 10. This might annoy you as the message might show up in the middle of your work.

The biggest issue with an unlicensed copy of Windows 10 probably is not being able to personalize Windows 10. All other features will work just like on a licensed copy of Windows 10. So being not able to personalize and that nagging watermark are the main (only?) issues when using Windows 10 without activation.
—————————————————————————————————————-
Read the article linked belowfor more details.
https://www.intowindows.com/how-long-can-you-us…

Hope this answers your question.

Regards,
Lee

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Kapil Arya MVP

Kapil Arya MVP

Replied on May 16, 2019Report abuse

if i download ISO from https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/software-download/windows10ISO then i install it in my PC without activation, it is legal?

Hello,

No, you must activate Windows before you use. Read complete explanation here:

https://www.kapilarya.com/faq-can-i-use-windows-10-without-activation

Hope this answers your query!

Note: Included link in this reply refers to blog post by a trusted Microsoft MVP.

—————————————————————————————

Microsoft MVP (Windows IT Pro), since 2014 · Windows Insider MVP, since 2016 · Windows Help (www.kapilarya.com)

Windows 10 Home – Restrictions Without License

URL: https://answers.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/forum/all/windows-10-home-restrictions-without-license/7baf6e7a-81de-4c06-8d9a-cb107dc0b762

I keep seeing a whole bunch of people say you don’t need a Windows 10 license key anymore? Is this true?

What are the limitations of installing Windows 10 Home without a license key?

Why do I need a license key?

Is Windows 10 completely free now and Microsoft is just being quiet about this so people keep buying license keys?

Thanks,
Oli

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Frederik Long

Frederik Long

Replied on January 22, 2021Report abuse

If you have a genuine version of Windows 10 then it will turn into a pumpkin at the expiry of 30 days.

If you have a pirated version then you’re on your own.

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David-M.

David-M.

Replied on January 22, 2021Report abuse

Hi, I’m David, an Independent Advisor, here to help you.

I have seen several articles talking about this, which confuses many people.

Windows 10 is not free. But you can install it without a valid key and use it, unlike previous versions, with some cosmetic functions disabled and a watermark that suggests you activate it. In previous versions, the system could not be installed or did not work without a valid key.

However, some reports indicate that Windows 10 can automatically restart without warning if not activated for a long time.

Some articles explain it better than others, and the main advantage that this brings is that you can test the system for a while before deciding whether to buy it. This is also great for professionals who need to temporarily have the system to do some testing on services on a virtual machine.

Feel free to ask back any questions.

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Oliumen

Oliumen

So just for clarification…

Windows 10 is not free.

Windows 10 is free to download.
Windows 10 is free to install but, installing this way limits you in many ways.

Can you tell me exactly what the limits are?

What about updates? How does that work on a “free” install of Windows 10?

Thank you,
Oli

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David-M.

David-M.

Replied on January 23, 2021Report abuse

The limits are.

– You cannot change any settings in “Personalization” (including wallpaper, color theme, lock screen settings, etc.)
– A watermark will always be present telling you to activate Windows. (There is no way to remove this watermark without activating Windows)

Other functions work, including updates.
Still, as I said before, there are reports that Windows can start to restart itself after a long period without activation.

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Oliumen

Oliumen

Replied on January 23, 2021Report abuseReplyIn reply to David-M.’s post on January 23, 2021

Wow, so even updates still work?

Like I can use Windows Update and it will update even though I am past the 30 day trial limit without a key?

I remember a time where after the 30 day trial limit, you could no longer update the OS, at least until you bought and entered a licence key.

So why would anyone buy a license?

A silly water mark and “Personalization” are hardly any reason to waste money on a license. There has got to be a catch. No way would Microsoft just give away this stuff for free like that, not without a catch.

What am I missing?

– Oli

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David-M.

David-M.

Replied on January 23, 2021Report abuse

Still, many people care about not having the personalization function, and the watermark can bother many people. And If the system starts to restart itself, it’s not a nice thing. You may lose an unsaved document and be unable to use the computer properly.

These articles that talk about using Windows for free refer to using it for testing purposes or temporarily (file backup, for example).

Nobody recommends using Windows daily without being activated. There is no guarantee that the system will ever start working oddly.

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NE

neilpzz

Replied on January 23, 2021Report abuseReplyIn reply to Oliumen’s post on January 23, 2021

Using Windows 10 without a licence is illegal.

Windows 10 is a service that Microsoft can turn off at any time if it is not activated. Are you willing to take the chance.

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Oliumen

Oliumen

Replied on January 23, 2021Report abuseReplyIn reply to neilpzz’s post on January 23, 2021

“Using Windows 10 without a licence is illegal.”
-neilpzz

You would be incorrect in saying that.  David-M. has already shown that not to be the case.

It is not illegal to use Windows 10 without a license. However, using Windows 10 without a license has drawbacks that make having a license preferable. Ex. Without the license you get the Watermark and have no ability to personalize your desktop wallpaper and the like, etc. There is also the possibility that the system will reboot on you randomly but that is probably just people who have their system incorrectly configured and setup to restart immediately after updates without any notification or warning.


“Windows 10 is a service that Microsoft can turn off at any time if it is not activated. Are you willing to take the chance.”
-neilpzz

Some people don’t have or are unwilling to give Microsoft any money. So having the option to use it without a license, without having to pirate, is nice.

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Oliumen

Oliumen

Replied on January 24, 2021Report abuseReplyIn reply to David-M.’s post on January 23, 2021

So final clarification…

Windows 10 Home or Pro is not free.

You can download Home and Pro Free.

You can install Home and Pro free, without a license… However, doing so will hit you with certain restrictions until you active with a key.

You can Update Windows even if you don’t have a license so you don’t have to worry about not getting the updates you need to stay current and secure as possible on the OS.

Microsoft is pretty much just placing a few small inconveniences in front of your to nudge you to get a license when you are able. At which point they remove those inconveniences.

Is all that right?

Thanks,
Oli

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David-M.

David-M.

Replied on January 24, 2021Report abuse

I don’t speak for Microsoft. I’m an Independent Advisor in the community and a Windows user like you. I’m just here to help people.

I’m not sure if Microsoft’s view of using Windows without activation is illegal or not. I never saw any official information about it. I am only clarifying the limitations that Windows has if it is not activated.

I don’t think it’s a small inconvenience that Windows could someday restart itself without warning me. This already makes me prefer to have Windows activated.

I do not suggest that you use Windows without being activated. When you buy the Windows 10 license, you will have Windows forever, on any computer you want. You can even transfer that license to another computer with ease.

I don’t want to be rude, but if you are going to use Windows without being activated, do so at your own risk.

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How to Prolong Lithium-based Batteries

Разбор неисправных ноутбучных аккумуляторов. Заметки электровелосипедиста, Article posted in 8 ноя 2019, URL: https://habr.com/ru/articles/474992/

BU-808: How to Prolong Lithium-based Batteries, Article posted in 3-Nov-2021, URL: https://batteryuniversity.com/article/bu-808-how-to-prolong-lithium-based-batteries

Здравствуйте.

По роду деятельности более 6 лет занимаюсь ремонтом и сборкой Li-ion аккумуляторных батарей для электровелосипедов.

У меня часто оказываются неисправные ноутбучные аккумуляторы, которые отдают мастера по ремонту компьютерной техники за небольшие деньги.

image


Так они выглядят после разбора:

image

Хочется заметить, что большинство производителей изготавливают пластиковые корпуса таким образом, что аккуратно открыть не поломав его на части — возможности нет. Исключение — только аккумуляторы ноутбуков Acer. Верхнюю крышку можно снять даже не сломав защелок.

Ячейки изымаются легко, иногда бывает, что производитель добавляет много липкого клея, который, порою, не срезать скальпелем, не повредив термоусадку элементов. Но это мелочи — изоляция легко восстанавливается скотчем.

С помощью незамысловатых приборов осуществляется тест емкости:

image

Ток заряда — 1А
Ток разряда — 0.5А

Погрешность измерения емкости у этой литокалы Li-500 около плюс-минус 2%. Проверено на эталонных ячейках с известной емкостью. Для рассортировки ячеек по состоянию — этих параметров достаточно.

Состояние платы защиты — контроллера заряда-разряда у меня оценить нет возможности (я ее выкидываю сразу), поэтому переходим к состоянию ячеек.

  1. Производители в бюджетные ноутбуки наиболее часто ставят ячейки фирм Sony, Sanyo, Samsung, Panasonic емкостью 2200 мАч, 2600 мАч. Изредка попадаются 2000 мАч, а также 2900 мАч, 3100 мАч. Вся химия — кобальтовая, слаботоковая, ток разряда по паспорту до 2С.

    Количество ячеек варьируется от 4 до 6, изредка бывают трехъячеечные, 8-9 ячеечные батареи.
  2. Замеры напряжения сразу после разбора корпуса показывают, что чаще всего ячейки разряжены, порою очень глубоко (от 2.7В до 0.5В). Ноутбучный контроллер бракует такие батареи, хотя чтобы их вернуть к жизни — достаточно их немного «подтолкнуть» путем подачи очень маленького тока заряда — около 0.01А (разумеется, я знаю, что считается, что ниже 2.75В ячейку разряжать нельзя, так как он становится не годен. Однако примерно в половине случаев элемент, побывавший даже на уровне 1.2-1.5В поддается восстановлению. Емкость может быть до 95% от номинальной заявленной. За 6 лет случаев возгорания или последующих проблем с такими восстановленными ячейками не было ни разу)
  3. Бывают ситуации, когда из 6-8 ячеек — 4-6 заряжены (3.7-3.9В), а две — сидят в нуле. Эта ситуация для меня наиболее интересна. Из практики — брендовые японские и южнокорейские ячейки изнашиваются одновременно, без разбалансировки. В дальнейшем я опишу свои предположения, почему так может происходить.
  4. Очень часто ячейки, сидящие на уровнях 2.2-2.4 В, после вытягивания малым током и последующим контрольным циклом разряд-заряд на приборе показывают отличные параметры: почти полную емкость, малое внутреннее сопротивление (не увеличенное для их химии), отсутствие саморазряда.И в то же время бывает, что ячейки после разбора показывают 3.6-3.9В (уровень заряда от 40 до 60%), а после постановки их на заряд — начинают сильно греться и переводят весь вкачиваемый в них ток — в тепло. Их — в мусор.
  5. Итоговый выход ячеек, которые повторно могут быть использованы в не сильно нагруженных сборках, в фонариках — около 40%. Остальные не проходят тест по емкости (менее 80% от паспортной), по внутреннему сопротивлению (более 80 мОм на DC), по саморазряду (более 0.002В в сутки)

Размышления о том, почему умирают ноутбучные аккумуляторы.

Общеизвестно, что наилучшие условия для долговременного хранения Li-ion батарей — это температура 5 градусов Цельсия и 40% уровень заряда (3.5-3.6В).

Температура выше 30 градусов и 100% уровень заряда — враг для Li-ion!

batteryuniversity.com/index.php/learn/article/how_to_prolong_lithium_based_batteries

TEMPERATURE40% CHARGE100% CHARGE
0°C98% (after 1 year)94% (after 1 year)
25°C96% (after 1 year)80% (after 1 year)
40°C85% (after 1 year)65% (after 1 year)
60°C75% (after 1 year)60% (after 3 months)

Производители ноутбуков предусмотрели, чтобы все было наоборот — ноутбук, который большей частью работает от сети — держит батарею на уровне 100% (4.2, а порою и 4.35В) и еще дополнительно ее подогревает горячими компонентами — процессором, видеокартой. В итоге аккумулятор даже без циклирования умирает за год-два за счет ускорения химических реакций разложения электролита и деградации электродов.

Вдобавок, на контроллерах разряда-заряда я не увидел балансировочных резисторов, как это делается на BMS батарей электровелосипедов. Ячейка, которая ближе к процессору — больше греется, в ней больше саморазряд. Начинается разбалансировка, которую ничто не может остановить. После нескольких циклов — одна из секций уходит в «ноль», в то время как другие — ещё исправные.

Из этого вытекает рекомендация — сразу после покупки нового ноутбука — разрядить батарею до 40% ( не обязательно точно, можно и 70%, главное не 100%) — и положить ее на полку. Лучше сделать лишние циклы подзарядки (это можно делать сотни раз без заметного износа). Тогда даже спустя годы — она практически не будет изнашиваться (проверено не на одном личном ноутбуке).

P.S. Разумеется, если в вашей местности есть вероятность отключения электричества или ноутбук часто используется автономно — то данный совет не подойдет. В некоторых случаях цена потери информации при пропадании питания может быть гораздо дороже, чем повышенный износ батареи.

BU-808: How to Prolong Lithium-based Batteries

Battery research is focusing on lithium chemistries so much that one could imagine that the battery future lies solely in lithium. There are good reasons to be optimistic as lithium-ion is, in many ways, superior to other chemistries. Applications are growing and are encroaching into markets that previously were solidly held by lead acid, such as standby and load leveling. Many satellites are also powered by Li-ion.

Lithium-ion has not yet fully matured and is still improving. Notable advancements have been made in longevity and safety while the capacity is increasing incrementally. Today, Li-ion meets the expectations of most consumer devices but applications for the EV need further development before this power source will become the accepted norm.

As battery care-giver, you have choices in how to prolong battery life. Each battery system has unique needs in terms of charging speed, depth of discharge, loading and exposure to adverse temperature. Check what causes capacity loss, how does rising internal resistance affect performance, what does elevated self-discharge do and how low can a battery be discharged? You may also be interested in the fundamentals of battery testing.

What Causes Lithium-ion to Age?

The lithium-ion battery works on ion movement between the positive and negative electrodes. In theory such a mechanism should work forever, but cycling, elevated temperature and aging decrease the performance over time. Manufacturers take a conservative approach and specify the life of Li-ion in most consumer products as being between 300 and 500 discharge/charge cycles.

Evaluating battery life on counting cycles is not conclusive because a discharge may vary in depth and there are no clearly defined standards of what constitutes a cycle(See BU-501: Basics About Discharging). In lieu of cycle count, some device manufacturers suggest battery replacement on a date stamp, but this method does not take usage into account. A battery may fail within the allotted time due to heavy use or unfavorable temperature conditions; however, most packs last considerably longer than what the stamp indicates.

The performance of a battery is measured in capacity, a leading health indicator. Internal resistance and self-discharge also play roles, but these are less significant in predicting the end of battery life with modern Li-ion.

Figure 1 illustrates the capacity drop of 11 Li-polymer batteries that have been cycled at a Cadex laboratory. The 1,500mAh pouch cells for mobile phones were first charged at a current of 1,500mA (1C) to 4.20V/cell and then allowed to saturate to 0.05C (75mA) as part of the full charge saturation. The batteries were then discharged at 1,500mA to 3.0V/cell, and the cycle was repeated. The expected capacity loss of Li-ion batteries was uniform over the delivered 250 cycles and the batteries performed as expected.

Capacity drop as part of cycling
Figure 1: Capacity drop as part of cycling [1]

Eleven new Li-ion were tested on a Cadex C7400 battery analyzer. All packs started at a capacity of 88–94% and decreased to 73–84% after 250 full discharge cycles. The 1500mAh pouch packs are used in mobile phones.

Although a battery should deliver 100 percent capacity during the first year of service, it is common to see lower than specified capacities, and shelf life may contribute to this loss. In addition, manufacturers tend to overrate their batteries, knowing that very few users will do spot-checks and complain if low. Not having to match single cells in mobile phones and tablets, as is required in multi-cell packs, opens the floodgates for a much broader performance acceptance. Cells with lower capacities may slip through cracks without the consumer knowing.

Similar to a mechanical device that wears out faster with heavy use, the depth of discharge (DoD) determines the cycle count of the battery. The smaller the discharge (low DoD), the longer the battery will last. If at all possible, avoid full discharges and charge the battery more often between uses. Partial discharge on Li-ion is fine. There is no memory and the battery does not need periodic full discharge cycles to prolong life. The exception may be a periodic calibration of the fuel gauge on a smart battery or intelligent device(See BU-603: How to Calibrate a “Smart” Battery)

The following tables indicate stress related capacity losses on cobalt-based lithium-ion. The voltages of lithium iron phosphate and lithium titanate are lower and do not apply to the voltage references given.

Note:Tables 2, 3 and 4 indicate general aging trends of common cobalt-based Li-ion batteries on depth-of-discharge, temperature and charge levels, Table 6 further looks at capacity loss when operating within given and discharge bandwidths. The tables do not address ultra-fast charging and high load discharges that will shorten battery life. No all batteries behave the same.

Table 2 estimates the number of discharge/charge cycles Li-ion can deliver at various DoD levels before the battery capacity drops to 70 percent. DoD constitutes a full charge followed by a discharge to the indicated state-of-charge (SoC) level in the table.

100% DoD~300~600
80% DoD~400~900
60% DoD~600~1,500
40% DoD~1,000~3,000
20% DoD~2,000~9,000
10% DoD~6,000~15,000

Table 2: Cycle life as a function ofdepth of discharge*
A partial discharge reduces stress and prolongs battery life, so does a partial charge. Elevated temperature and high currents also affect cycle life.

* 100% DoD is a full cycle; 10% is very brief. Cycling in mid-state-of-charge would have best longevity.

Lithium-ion suffers from stress when exposed to heat, so does keeping a cell at a high charge voltage. A battery dwelling above 30°C (86°F) is considered elevated temperature and for most Li-ion a voltage above 4.10V/cell is deemed as high voltage. Exposing the battery to high temperature and dwelling in a full state-of-charge for an extended time can be more stressful than cycling. Table 3 demonstrates capacity loss as a function of temperature and SoC.

TEMPERATURE40% CHARGE100% CHARGE
0°C98% (after 1 year)94% (after 1 year)
25°C96% (after 1 year)80% (after 1 year)
40°C85% (after 1 year)65% (after 1 year)
60°C75% (after 1 year)60% (after 3 months)

Table 3: Estimated recoverable capacity when storing Li-ion for one year at various temperatures
Elevated temperature hastens permanent capacity loss. Not all Li-ion systems behave the same.

Most Li-ions charge to 4.20V/cell, and every reduction in peak charge voltage of 0.10V/cell is said to double the cycle life. For example, a lithium-ion cell charged to 4.20V/cell typically delivers 300–500 cycles. If charged to only 4.10V/cell, the life can be prolonged to 600–1,000 cycles; 4.0V/cell should deliver 1,200–2,000 and 3.90V/cell should provide 2,400–4,000 cycles.

On the negative side, a lower peak charge voltage reduces the capacity the battery stores. As a simple guideline, every 70mV reduction in charge voltage lowers the overall capacity by 10 percent. Applying the peak charge voltage on a subsequent charge will restore the full capacity.

In terms of longevity, the optimal charge voltage is 3.92V/cell. Battery experts believe that this threshold eliminates all voltage-related stresses; going lower may not gain further benefits but induce other symptoms(See BU-808b: What causes Li-ion to die?) Table 4 summarizes the capacity as a function of charge levels. (All values are estimated; Energy Cells with higher voltage thresholds may deviate.)

CHARGE LEVEL* (V/CELL)DISCHARGE CYCLESAVAILABLE STORED ENERGY **
[4.30][150–250][110–115%]
4.25200–350105–110%
4.20300–500100%
4.15400–70090–95%
4.10600–1,00085–90%
4.05850–1,50080–85%
4.001,200–2,00070–75%
3.902,400–4,00060–65%
3.80See note35–40%
3.70See note30% and less

Table 4: Discharge cycles and capacity as a function of charge voltage limit

Every 0.10V drop below 4.20V/cell doubles the cycle but holds less capacity. Raising the voltage above 4.20V/cell would shorten the life. The readings reflect regular Li-ion charging to 4.20V/cell.

Guideline: Every 70mV drop in charge voltage lowers the usable capacity by about 10%.
Note: Partial charging negates the benefit of Li-ion in terms of high specific energy.

* Similar life cycles apply for batteries with different voltage levels on full charge.
** Based on a new battery with 100% capacity when charged to the full voltage.

Experiment: Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden, reports that using a reduced charge level of 50% SOC increases the lifetime expectancy of the vehicle Li-ion battery by 44–130%.


Most chargers for mobile phones, laptops, tablets and digital cameras charge Li-ion to 4.20V/cell. This allows maximum capacity, because the consumer wants nothing less than optimal runtime. Industry, on the other hand, is more concerned about longevity and may choose lower voltage thresholds. Satellites and electric vehicles are such examples.

For safety reasons, many lithium-ions cannot exceed 4.20V/cell. (Some NMC are the exception.) While a higher voltage boosts capacity, exceeding the voltage shortens service life and compromises safety. Figure 5 demonstrates cycle count as a function of charge voltage. At 4.35V, the cycle count of a regular Li-ion is cut in half.

Effects on cycle life at elevated charge voltages
Figure 5: Effects on cycle life at elevated charge voltages [2]
Higher charge voltages boost capacity but lowers cycle life and compromises safety.

Besides selecting the best-suited voltage thresholds for a given application, a regular Li-ion should not remain at the high-voltage ceiling of 4.20V/cell for an extended time. The Li-ion charger turns off the charge current and the battery voltage reverts to a more natural level. This is like relaxing the muscles after a strenuous exercise(See BU-409: Charging Lithium-ion)

Figure 6 illustrates dynamic stress tests (DST) reflecting capacity loss when cycling Li-ion at various charge and discharge bandwidths. The largest capacity loss occurs when discharging a fully charged Li-ion to 25 percent SoC (black); the loss would be higher if fully discharged. Cycling between 85 and 25 percent (green) provides a longer service life than charging to 100 percent and discharging to 50 percent (dark blue). The smallest capacity loss is attained by charging Li-ion to 75 percent and discharging to 65 percent. This, however, does not fully utilize the battery. High voltages and exposure to elevated temperature is said to degrade the battery quicker than cycling under normal condition. (Nissan Leaf case)

Capacity loss as a function of charge and discharge bandwidth
Figure 6: Capacity loss as a function of charge and discharge bandwidth* [3]
Charging and discharging Li-ion only partially prolongs battery life but reduces utilization.
  • Case 1: 75–65% SoC offers longest cycle life but delivers only 90,000 energy units (EU). Utilizes 10% of battery.
  • Case 2: 75–25% SoC has 3,000 cycles (to 90% capacity) and delivers 150,000 EU. Utilizes 50% of battery. (EV battery, new.)
  • Case 3: 85–25% SoC has 2,000 cycles. Delivers 120,000 EU. Uses 60% of battery.
  • Case 4: 100–25% SoC; long runtime with 75% use of battery. Has short life. (Mobile phone, drone, etc.)

* Discrepancies exist between Table 2 and Figure 6 on cycle count. No clear explanations are available other than assuming differences in battery quality and test methods. Variances between low-cost consumer and durable industrial grades may also play a role. Capacity retention will decline more rapidly at elevated temperatures than at 20ºC.

Only a full cycle provides the specified energy of a battery. With a modern Energy Cell, this is about 250Wh/kg, but the cycle life will be compromised. All being linear, the life-prolonging mid-range of 85-25 percent reduces the energy to 60 percent and this equates to moderating the specific energy density from 250Wh/kg to 150Wh/kg. Mobile phones are consumer goods that utilize the full energy of a battery. Industrial devices, such as the EV, typically limit the charge to 85% and discharge to 25%, or 60 percent energy usability, to prolong battery life(See Why Mobile Phone Batteries do not last as long as an EV Battery)

Increasing the cycle depth also raises the internal resistance of the Li-ion cell. Figure 7 illustrates a sharp rise at a cycle depth of 61 percent measured with the DC resistance method(See also BU-802a: How does Rising Internal Resistance affect Performance?) The resistance increase is permanent.

Sharp rise in internal resistance by increasing cycle depth of Li-ion
Figure 7: Sharp rise in internal resistance by increasing cycle depth of Li-ion [4]

Note: DC method delivers different internal resistance readings than with the AC method (green frame). For best results, use the DC method to calculate loading.

Figure 8 extrapolates the data from Figure 6 to expand the predicted cycle life of Li-ion by using an extrapolation program that assumes linear decay of battery capacity with progressive cycling. If this were true, then a Li-ion battery cycled within 75%–25% SoC (blue) would fade to 74% capacity after 14,000 cycles. If this battery were charged to 85% with same depth-of-discharge (green), the capacity would drop to 64% at 14,000 cycles, and with a 100% charge with same DoD (black), the capacity would drop to 48%. For unknown reasons, real-life expectancy tends to be lower than in simulated modeling(See BU-208: Cycling Performance)

Predictive modeling of battery life by extrapolation
Figure 8: Predictive modeling of battery life by extrapolation [5]

Li-ion batteries are charged to three different SoC levels and the cycle life modelled. Limiting the charge range prolongs battery life but decreases energy delivered. This reflects in increased weight and higher initial cost.

Battery manufacturers often specify the cycle life of a battery with an 80 DoD. This is practical because batteries should retain some reserve before charge under normal use(See BU-501: Basics about Discharging, “What Constitutes a Discharge Cycle”) The cycle count on DST (dynamic stress test) differs with battery type, charge time, loading protocol and operating temperature. Lab tests often get numbers that are not attainable in the field.

What Can the User Do?

Environmental conditions, not cycling alone, govern the longevity of lithium-ion batteries. The worst situation is keeping a fully charged battery at elevated temperatures. Battery packs do not die suddenly, but the runtime gradually shortens as the capacity fades.

Lower charge voltages prolong battery life and electric vehicles and satellites take advantage of this. Similar provisions could also be made for consumer devices, but these are seldom offered; planned obsolescence takes care of this.

A laptop battery could be prolonged by lowering the charge voltage when connected to the AC grid. To make this feature user-friendly, a device should feature a “Long Life” mode that keeps the battery at 4.05V/cell and offers a SoC of about 80 percent. One hour before traveling, the user requests the “Full Capacity” mode to bring the charge to 4.20V/cell.

The question is asked, “Should I disconnect my laptop from the power grid when not in use?” Under normal circumstances this should not be necessary because charging stops when the Li-ion battery is full. A topping charge is only applied when the battery voltage drops to a certain level. Most users do not remove the AC power, and this practice is safe.

Modern laptops run cooler than older models and reported fires are fewer. Always keep the airflow unobstructed when running electric devices with air-cooling on a bed or pillow. A cool laptop extends battery life and safeguards the internal components. Energy Cells, which most consumer products have, should be charged at 1C or less. Avoid so-called ultra-fast chargers that claim to fully charge Li-ion in less than one hour.

References

[1] Courtesy of Cadex
[2] Source: Choi et al. (2002)
[3] B. Xu, A. Oudalov, A. Ulbig, G. Andersson and D. Kirschen, “Modeling of Lithium-Ion Battery Degradation for Cell Life Assessment,” June 2016. [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303890624_Modeling_of_Lithium-Ion_Battery_Degradation_for_Cell_Life_Assessment.
[4] Source: Technische Universität München (TUM)
[5] With permission to use. Interpolation/extrapolation by OriginLab.

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Monitor CPU Temperature 

BIOS vs. CMOS vs. UEFI, Article posted in November 9, 2022, – URL: https://www.baeldung.com/cs/bios-vs-cmos-vs-uefi

What Is CMOS?, Article posted in May 07, 2023, – URL: https://www.easytechjunkie.com/what-is-cmos.htm

There is no such option to check CPU temperature in Windows 10.

You can either check the temperature in BIOS or you can use third-party applications.

BIOS :

Modifying BIOS/ complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) settings incorrectly can cause serious problems that may prevent your computer from booting properly. Microsoft cannot guarantee that any problems resulting from the configuring of BIOS/CMOS settings can be solved. Modifications of the settings are at your own risk. 

Third party application Disclaimer:

Disclaimer: Using Third Party Software, including hardware drivers can cause serious problems that may prevent your computer from booting properly. Microsoft cannot guarantee that any problems resulting from the use of Third Party Software can be solved. Using Third Party Software is at your own risk.

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Как правильно заменить баллон со сжатым газом, чтобы не повредить инкубатор

  1. Закройте вентиль израсходованного баллона и открутите редуктор от баллона. Может быть слышно кратковременное шипение – это сброс давления.
  2. Поставьте новый баллон на место. На короткое мгновение слегка приоткройте вентиль баллона (это называется “взлом клапана”). Это позволит выдуть пыль и грязь, которые могли попасть во впускное отверстие.
  3. Перед присоединением редуктора ОБЯЗАТЕЛЬНО закройте редуктор, вращая ручку регулировки давления против часовой стрелки до свободного вращения ослабления резьбы (убедитесь, что он стал свободно вращаться) . Этим вы перекроете клапан редуктора. Убедитесь, что прокладка и фильтр чисты и находятся на месте.
  4. Прикрутите редуктор к полному баллону. Надежно затяните гайку, но не перетягивайте. ОЧЕНЬ МЕДЛЕННО И ОСТОРОЖНО откручивайте вентиль баллона (давление на манометре должно нарастать постепенно), пока на манометре не отобразится максимальное давление (60-80 МПа). Затем полностью отройте вентиль. Давление на манометре должно нарастать постепенно.
    Встаньте со стороны баллона, противоположной редуктору. Вентиль баллона должен быть между вами и редуктором. Для безопасности НИКОГДА НЕ ВСТАВАЙТЕ ПЕРЕД РЕДУКТОРОМ, когда открываете баллон.
  5. Откройте клапан – закручивайте регулировочный вентиль редуктора до достижения нужного давления (0,03МПа – 1 МПа). Установите рабочее давление, для этого начните закручивать регулировочную ручку. Рабочее давление для СО2 инкубаторов Sanyo 0.03 Мпа, Binder – 1МПа
  6. После того, как поток установится, заданное давление подачи может немного уменьшиться. Убедитесь, что давление подачи соответствует желаемому, и внесите необходимые корректировки.

Для безопасности НИКОГДА НЕ ВСТАВАЙТЕ ПЕРЕД РЕДУКТОРОМ, когда открываете баллон. Вентиль баллона должен быть между вами и редуктором.

7.6.3 CO2/ N2 Supply
• CO2/ N2 of medical grade is recommended.
• A two-stage pressure regulator, Linde # 19590, or equal, is recommended.
• DO NOT USE a single stage regulator. It will not give a stable output at 20 psi and exposes the Incubator to the gas cylinder pressure.
• Gas Supply pressure to the Invitrocell is rated at 20psi (1.4 bar). 
• Do not exceed 25psi (1.8 bar) or damage to the incubator may occur. 
7.6.4 CO2/ N2 Pressure Regulators
To connect the regulator:
First: Open the CO2 cylinder slightly, for an instant (this is termed “cracking the valve.”) This will blow out dust or dirt that may have collected in the valve outlet.
BE SURE to keep your face away from the valve outlet to protect your eyes from dust or dirt.
Second: Make sure the regulator pressure-adjusting screw is released by turning it counterclockwise until it turns freely.
Third: Attach the regulator to the cylinder valve and tighten the connection nut with a wrench.
BE SURE DISC SEAL IS IN PLACE BEFORE MAKING CONNECTION.

7.6.3 CO2/ N2 Supply

  • CO2/ N2 of medical grade is recommended.
  • A two-stage pressure regulator, Linde # 19590, or equal, is recommended.
  • DO NOT USE a single stage regulator. It will not give a stable output at 20 psi and exposes the Incubator to the gas cylinder pressure.
  • Gas Supply pressure to the Invitrocell is rated at 20psi (1.4 bar).
  • Do not exceed 25psi (1.8 bar) or damage to the incubator may occur.

7.6.4 CO2/ N2 Pressure Regulators

To connect the regulator:
First: Open the CO2 cylinder slightly, for an instant (this is termed “cracking the valve.”) This will blow out dust or dirt that may have collected in the valve outlet. BE SURE to keep your face away from the valve outlet to protect your eyes from dust or dirt.
Second: Make sure the regulator pressure-adjusting screw is released by turning it counterclockwise until it turns freely.
Third: Attach the regulator to the cylinder valve and tighten the connection nut with a wrench. BE SURE DISC SEAL IS IN PLACE BEFORE MAKING CONNECTION

NuAire CO2 Incubator Models NU-5710 (E), NU-5720 (E), NU-5731(E), NU-5741(E)
Operation and Maintenance Manual, March 2022

VICTOR® Single- and Two-Stage Regulators.

Safety and Operating Instructions. Issue Date: May 14, 2008

WARNING
Do not use a regulator that delivers pressure exceeding the pressure rating of the downstream equipment unless provisions are made to prevent over-pressurization (i.e. system relief valve). Make sure the pressure rating of the downstream equipment is compatible with the maximum delivery pressure of the regulator. (See page 3-9 for information on regulator relief valve.)
Section 3 of the Operating Instructions.

1 Carefully inspect the regulator for damaged threads, dirt, dust, grease, oil, or other flammable substances. Remove dust and dirt with a clean cloth. Be sure the inlet swivel filter is clean and in place. Attach the regulator (Figure 3) to the cylinder valve. Tighten securely with a wrench.

2. Be sure that the regulator has the correct pressure rating and gas service for the cylinder used.

DO NOT attach or use the regulator if oil, grease, flammable substances or damage is present! Have a qualified repair technician clean the regulator or repair any damage.

3. Before opening the cylinder valve, turn the regulator adjusting screw counterclockwise until there is no pressure on the adjusting spring and the screw turns freely.

4. Relief Valve (where provided): The relief valve is designed to protect the low pressure side of the regulator from high pressures. Relief valves are not intended to protect downstream equipment from high pressures.

DO NOT tamper with the relief valve or remove it from the regulator.
(relief valve – предохранительный клапан)

Stand to the side of the cylinder opposite the regulator when opening the cylinder valve. Keep the cylinder valve between you and the regulator. For your safety, NEVER STAND IN FRONT OF OR BEHIND A REGULATOR WHEN OPENING THE CYLINDER VALVE!

5. Slowly and carefully open the cylinder valve (Figure 4) until the maximum pressure shows on the high pressure gauge.

6. On all cylinders, except acetylene, open the valve completely to seal the valve packing. On gaugeless regulators, the indicator will register the cylinder contents open.

7. On acetylene cylinders, open the valve 3/4 of a turn and no more than 1-1/2.

Acetylene delivery pressure must not exceed 15 psig (103 kPa) or 30 psig (207 kPa). Acetylene can dissociate (decompose with explosive violence) above these pressure limits.

WARNING
Не используйте регулятор (редуктор), который создает давление, превышающее номинальное давление оборудования, расположенного ниже по потоку, пока не приняты меры для предотвращения избыточного давления (например, предохранительный клапан системы). Убедитесь, что номинальное (рабочее) давление оборудования, расположенного ниже по потоку, совместимо (сочетаемо) с максимальным давлением подачи регулятора (редуктора). (Информацию о предохранительном клапане регулятора см. на стр. 3-9.)

Убедитесь, что входной поворотный фильтр чист и находится на своем месте. Присоедините регулятор (рис. 3) к клапану баллона. Надежно затяните ключом.

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Thermal Paste vs Thermal Pads

K5-PRO Thermal Paste

K5-PRO viscous thermal paste is developed and produced by Computer Systems laboratories research department. This product was developed as part of C.S. Labs BGA rework research project with the support of Greece and European Union. This product is designed to reduce the chances of BGA component failure for reasons related to overheating. This offer is for a packet of K5-PRO gummy thermal paste.
 

Key Features of K5-PRO:

K5-PRO is a high quality gummy thermal paste designed for use on memory chips and GPUs of various computers including PS3 CECHAxx, Apple iMac A1235 video boards. This is the only commercially available product at the moment that can replace the gummy thermal paste that is originally used by Apple.
K5-PRO can replace soft thermal pads that are used on computers (up to 3mm thick).
K5-PRO has thermal conductivity K>5,3 W/m.K * (at least 3 times higher than common thermal pads that are used on computers and commercial electronics).
K5-PRO is applied very easily directly on the component and has no electrical conductivity. It can be heated up to 250 degrees (Celsius) and has a long operational life time (pracically infinite after the installation).
 

Expiration Date: 

No expiration date (new formula). Infinite storage / service life. Protect from frost and dust.

You can see our application instructions videos here:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z6pf5freLBU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JgrEyd93yHI

When you should replace the thermal paste / pads in your computer:

Thermal paste and thermal pads should be replaced every time that the heat sink is removed (for cleaning, upgrade or other maintenance). Replacing the thermal pads and the gummy thermal paste that is used by Apple on the memory chips is very important if the heat sink is removed because if you reuse the same thermal pads or paste the heat sink is impossible to fit perfectly again and the component will be overheated and will fail soon.
If your computer is overheated or turns off after a few hours of use. In this case the entire heatsink system must be cleaned immediately and all thermal paste and thermal pads must be replaced.

We are looking for resellers worldwide. If you are interested in reselling our products in your region please contact us with your business info and web site and we will send you our reseller offer. K5 PRO has been sold to customers in more than 75 countries worldwide and it is already sugested as the best thermal pad replacement solution on all serious forums!

Price includes VAT 24%. If you are VAT registered in EU please contact us before purchasing and we will offer a quote without VAT. Greek business customers should provide their business info in order to issue a commercial invoice. K5-PRO is produced in EU (Greece) and will be shipped directly from our production center in Thessaloniki Greece.

* Computer Systems matterials science laboratory testing : Method using a comparative technique (P. Karydopoulos, P. Frantzis, N. Karagiannis MSAIJ 2014)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3BP7KMuF_ZI
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Panagiotis_Frantzis2/publication

Structure of Ball Grid Array/Permanent Semi- Elastomeric Thermally Conductive Crumb Rubber Reinforced Bituminous Stencil/Printed Circuit Board Interconnects
BelgradePaperDownload
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Регулировка воздушных потоков ламинарного бокса NuAire NU-437

Измерение скорости нисходящего потока ламинарного бокса NuAire NU-437

The DownFlow velocity measurement

Бокс биологической безопасности NU-437-300E, Class II, Type A2 Laminar Flow Biological Safety Cabinet, производитель NuAire, Inc., USA, год выпуска 2017.

NU-437-300 Nominal 3 foot (0.9m), ширина рабочей зоны 873мм

Ламинарный бокс оснащен Flow Gard monitor для контроля и отображения показателей (производительности) воздушных потоков.

Проблема:
Flow Gard monitor находится в режиме Alarm: горит красный светодиод, индикатор находится в красной зоне и отображается надпись LO

Сигнал тревоги на мониторе BSC NuAire NU-437-300E

Содержание

  • Описание неисправности
  • Методика Измерение скоростей воздушных потоков
  • Резюме, критерий замены HEPA фильтров
  • Регулировка и балансировка воздушных потоков
  • Заключение
  • Flow Gard monitor
  • Список литературы

Измерение и регулировка скоростей воздушных потоков

С помощью термоанемометра Testo 405i (номер в Госреестре СИ РФ: 66510-17) измерены скорости нисходящего и входящего воздушных потоков в соответствии с изложенными в руководстве по эксплуатации рекомендациями NSF/ANSI 49.

Class II, Type A2 Laminar Flow Biological Safety Cabinet
Models NU-437-300/400/500/600 Bench/Console

Operation & Maintenance Manual, March 2013

Измерение скорости нисходящего воздушного потока (downflow)

Измерение проводилось в 6-ти точках по методике NSF/ANSI 49 и ГОСТ Р ЕН 12469-2010

Измерение скорости нисходящего потока ламинарного бокса NuAire NU-437
№ точки123456
Скорость, м/с0.230.230.280,250,260,26
Средняя скорость = 0.25 м/с
Допустимые отклонения от средней скорости +/-20% : 0.2 м/с < 0.25 м/с <0.3 м/с

Критерий соответствия, Operation & Maintenance Manual, Table 7.0
Acceptance Criteria:
1. Average downflow velocity = 55 to 65 fpm (0.28 to 0.33 m/s)
2. Individual readings must be within +20% or + 16fpm (+ 0.08m/s) whichever is greater (factory test) or + 25% or + 16fpm (+ 0.08m/s) whichever is greater (field test) from the average downflow velocity.

Средняя скорость нисходящего потока = 0.25 м/с < 0.28 м/с  – не соответствует
Отклонения от средней скорости больше чем на +/- 20% нет – воздушный поток однородный

  1. Средняя скорость нисходящего потока = 0.25 м/с < 0.28 м/с  – не соответствует
  2. Отклонения от средней скорости больше чем на +/- 20% нет – воздушный поток однородный

Измерение скорости входящего воздушного потока

Измерение проводилось в 9-ти точках альтернативным методом с использованием термоанемометра по методике NSF/ANSI 49 и ГОСТ Р ЕН 12469-2010.

№ точки123456789
Скорость, м/с0.971.150.961.021.061.051.091.011.00
Средняя скорость = 1.025 м/с
Коэффициент К=0.4
Скорость входящего воздушного потока = 0.41 м/с

Критерий соответствия, Operation & Maintenance Manual, Table 7.0
Acceptance Criteria:
1. Access Opening Inflow Velocity = 100 to 110 fpm (0.51 to 0.56 m/s)

Средняя скорость входящего воздушного потока = 0.41 м/с < 0.51 м/с  – не соответствует рекомендованной

Средняя скорость входящего воздушного потока = 0.41 м/с < 0.51 м/с  – не соответствует

Резюме

Скорости нисходящего (downflow) и входящего (inflow) воздушных потоков ниже значений, рекомендуемых инструкцией (Table 7.0).

Одной из причин снижения скорости воздушных потоков может быть засорение HEPA фильтров.

Критерий замены HEPA фильтров, Operation & Maintenance Manual, Section 7.3
7.3 HEPA Filter/Motor Replacement (Drawing BCD-11819)
The HEPA Filters under normal usage and barring an accident (a puncture), do not need replacement until the efflux velocity cannot be maintained or the access inflow velocity cannot be maintained at 100 LFPM (.51 m/s) (min.). This may permit the average downflow velocity to be as low as 55 LFPM (.28 m/s) as long as no point falls below 20% or +/- 16fpm of the average downflow velocity, whichever is greater.


При нормальном использовании и исключении утечки (прокола) HEPA фильтры не нуждаются в замене до тех пор, пока скорость входящего воздушного потока может быть поддержана вентилятором на уровне не ниже 0.51 м/с. Что позволит скорости нисходящего потока быть не ниже 0.28 м/с, при условии, что ни в одной из контрольных точек скорость не упадет ниже 20% от среднего значения (т.е. воздушный поток будет однородным).

Регулировка скорости вращения вентилятора

В разделе 7.5 производитель описывает процедуру регулировки и балансировки воздушных потоков (Airflow Calibration). Указывая, что при максимальном засорении фильтров, скорости не смогут достичь рекомендуемых значений.

a. PWM signal adjust via DC motor speed control (скорость вращения вентилятора)
b. exhaust filter choke (заслонка выпускного фильтра)

Проведена калибровка скорости вращения электродвигателя вентилятора в соответствии с разделом 7.5 Руководства по обслуживанию.

Operation & Maintenance Manual, Section 7.5
The airflow calibration mode is accessed through the following designated key stroke sequence.
• Press and hold the alarm silence key
• Press light on, light off and release the alarm silence key
(If the sequence is properly entered, the outlet LED will blink at 1 second intervals and the blower will turn on.)
Once in airflow calibration mode the PWM signal/DC voltage can be increased (increase airflow) by pressing the UV light key. The PWM signal can also be lowered (decrease airflow) by pressing the FL light on key. During the process of pressing these keys the associated LED will indicate a change is being made. When a minimum or maximum PWM signal/DC voltage is reached the associated LED will remain lit indicating that no further adjustment in that direction is possible.

Скорость нисходящего воздушного потока в процессе калибровки измерялась термоанемометром Testo 405i.

При увеличении скорости вращения вентилятора вышеизложенным способом достигнуто значение скорости нисходящего воздушного потока (downflow) – 0.42 м/с, при этом еще не сработал сигнал о достижении максимальной скорости вентилятора.

В результате калибровки установлена рекомендованная производителем скорость нисходящего воздушного потока (downflow) – 0.3 м/с.
При этом скорость входящего воздушного потока (inflow) – составила 0.53 м/с.

Критерий признания бокса работоспособным (сертифицированным), указанный производителем в разделе 7.5 соблюдается. Скорости воздушных потоков соответствуют рекомендованным.

Operation & Maintenance Manual, Section 7.5
The cabinet is considered to be certifiable if the following airflow measurements are present:
a. Downflow average: 60 LFPM ± 5 LFPM (0.30 m/s ± .025 m/s).
b. Inflow average: 105 LFPM ± 5 LFPM (0.53 m/s ± .025 m/s)

Дополнительная балансировка скоростей путем регулировки заслонки выпускного фильтра не требуется.

Заключение

В соответствии с разделом 7.3 руководства на момент проведения регулировки воздушных потоков степень засорённости HEPA фильтров не требует их замены.
!!! Запас по скорости имеется (вентилятор работает не на пределе)
Проверка фильтров на утечку не проводилась.

На основании измеренных после регулировки скоростей воздушных потоков в соответствии с разделом 7.5 бокс можно признать работоспособным.

Скорости воздушных потоковНисходящий (Downflow)Входящий (Inflow)
… до регулировки0.25 м/с0.41 м/с
… после регулировки0.3 м/с0.53 м/с
… рекомендованные производителем0.3 м/с0.53 м/с
Допустимые пределы скоростей в соответствии с таблицей 70.29-0.32 м/с0.52-0.54 м/с
NU-437-300E, Class II, Type A2 Laminar Flow Biological Safety Cabinet, manufactured by NuAire, Inc., USA

В соответствии с п 7.3 замены HEPA фильтров не требуется.
На основании измеренных после регулировки скоростей воздушных потоков в соответствии с п.7.5 бокс можно признать сертифицированным.

Скорости воздушных потоковНисходящий (Downflow)Входящий (Inflow)
Скорости воздушных потоковНисходящий (Downflow)Входящий (Inflow)
… до регулировки0.25 м/с0.41 м/с
… после регулировки0.3 м/с0.53 м/с
… рекомендованные производителем п. 7.50.3 м/с0.53 м/с
Допустимые пределы скоростей в соответствии с таблицей 70.29-0.32 м/с0.52-0.54 м/с

По рекомендациям производителя, изложенным в Руководстве по эксплуатации (Operation & Maintenance Manual Models NU-437-300/400/500/600 Bench/Console)

Проблема: Flow Gard Pressure Monitor – индикатор находится в красной зоне и отображается надпись LO (низкая скорость воздушных потоков)

Проблема: Flow Gard Pressure Monitor – индикатор находится в красной зоне и отображается надпись LO (низкая скорость воздушных потоков)

Проблема: На Flow Gard Pressure Monitor индикатор находится в красной зоне и отображается надпись LO (низкая скорость воздушных потоков)

С помощью термоанемометра Testo 405i измерены скорости нисходящего и входящего воздушных потоков в соответствии с рекомендациями руководства по обслуживанию и NSF/ANSI 49.

Измерение скорости нисходящего воздушного потока

В 6-ти точках придерживаясь рекомендаций NSF/ANSI 49.

№ точки123456
Скорость, м/с0.230.230.280,250,260,26

Средняя скорость = 0,25 м/с

Отклонение от ср. скорости +/- 20% :  0,2м/с < 0.25м/с <0.3м/с

Превышения отклонения от средней скорости на 20% – нет Воздушный поток – однородный

Измерение скорости нисходящего потока ламинарного бокса NuAire NU-437

Измерение скорости входящего воздушного потока

В 6-ти точках придерживаясь рекомендаций NSF/ANSI 49.

№ точки123456789
Скорость, м/с0.971.150.961.021.061.051.091.011.00

Средняя скорость = 1,025м/с

Коэффициент К=0,4

Скорость входящего воздушного потока = 0,41м/с

По рекомендациям производителя, изложенным в Руководстве по эксплуатации (Operation & Maintenance Manual Models NU-437-300/400/500/600 Bench/Console)

Acceptance Criteria:
1. Average downflow velocity = 55 to 65 fpm (.28 to .33 m/s)
2. Individual readings must be within +20% or + 16fpm (+ 0.08m/s) whichever is greater
(factory test) or + 25% or + 16fpm (+ 0.08m/s) whichever is greater (field test) from the average downflow velocity.
Acceptance Criteria:
1. Access Opening Inflow Velocity = 100 to 110 fpm (.51 to .56 m/s)

Inflow Measurement
a. Recommended Instruments: Shortridge Flowhood ADM-870 or TSI 8355 Thermo anemometer.
The alternative procedure to determine inflow velocity uses a thermo anemometer in a constricted window access opening of 3 inches (76mm) with the armrest removed. Inflow air velocity is measured in the center of the constricted opening 1-1/2 inches (38mm) blow the top of the work access opening on the following specified grid. Use the correction factor table to calculate the inflow velocity.

The cabinet is considered to be certifiable if the following airflow measurements are present:
a. Downflow average: 60 LFPM ± 5 LFPM (.30 m/s ± .025 m/s).
b. Inflow average: 105 LFPM ± 5 LFPM (.53 m/s ± .025 m/s) using the direct inflow measurement method or constricted 3 inch (76mm) high access opening measurement method. Both values are published in the NSF or NuAire listing.

7.3 HEPA Filter/Motor Replacement (Drawing BCD-11819)
The HEPA Filters under normal usage and barring an accident (a puncture), do not need replacement until the efflux velocity cannot be maintained or the access inflow velocity cannot be maintained at 100 LFPM (.51 m/s) (min.). This may permit the average downflow velocity to be as low as 55 LFPM (.28 m/s) as long as no point falls below 20% or +/- 16fpm of the average downflow velocity, whichever is greater.

НЕРА фильтры при нормальном использовании и за исключением утечки (прокола, нарушения целостности) не нуждаются в замене пока может поддерживаться скорость оттока (efflux) или скорость входящего воздушного потока поддерживается на уровне не ниже 0.51 м/с. Это может позволить скорости нисходящего потока так низко как 0.28 м/с, до тех пор, пока ни одна точка не опустится ниже 20% или +/- 16 футов в минуту от средней скорости нисходящего потока, в зависимости от того, что больше.
Можно оценить необходимость замены НЕРА фильтров по критерию поддержания скоростей входящего потока на уровне не ниже 0.51 м/с и нисходящего потока – 0.28 м/с.

Acceptance Criteria:
1. Average downflow velocity = 55 to 65 fpm (.28 to .33 m/s)
2. Individual readings must be within +20% or + 16fpm (+ 0.08m/s) whichever is greater
(factory test) or + 25% or + 16fpm (+ 0.08m/s) whichever is greater (field test) from the average downflow velocity.

Измерена скорость входящего воздушного потока (inflow) – значение составило 0.53 м/с.

Flow Gard Operation

The Flow Gard monitor uses a digital pressure transducer to monitor the cabinet’s positive pressure plenum. The Flow Gard monitor indicates through LED’s normal operation (green), as well as high alarm status (red) (Hepa filter loading) and low alarm status (red) (low airflow).

The Flow Gard functions only when the cabinet blower is on. When the Flow Gard is turned on, it will go through a 4-minute warm-up period indicated by a series of blinking LED’s. When the warm-up period is complete, the LED indicator will stop blinking and remain on.

IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT THE FLOWGARD BE CALIBRATED ANNUALLY DURING THE CERTIFICATION PROCESS

Annually – ежегодно (annually, per annum)

Error Indicators & Troubleshooting
Error IndicatorIndicatorCorrection
Flow Gard Low AlarmRed LEDCheck for proper blower operation. Check paper catch. Check for proper airflows. Check calibration.
Flow Gard High AlarmRed LEDCheck cabinet for proper airflows. Check calibration.
Error Indicators & Troubleshooting

Список материалов

Class II Biosafety Cabinets, as Specified in NSF/ANSI 49-2022, Article posted in 16 March 2023, – URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEPA (дата обращения: 16.05.2023)

NSF/ANSI 49-2022 Biosafety Cabinetry: Design, Construction, Performance, And Field Certification URL: https://webstore.ansi.org/standards/nsf/nsfansi492022?source=blog&_ga=2.100145115.473243367.1684171519-286674585.1684171519

This standard applies to Class II (laminar flow) biosafety cabinetry designed to minimize hazards inherent in work with agents assigned to Biosafety Levels 1, 2, 3, or 4. It also defines the tests that shall be passed by such cabinetry to meet this standard.

Боксы микробиологической безопасности Class II, Type A2, модели NU-437-300/400/500/600, Руководство по эксплуатации и техническому обслуживанию: March 2013 – (Series 61 and Higher) Revision 6 – Manufactured by NuAire, Inc.

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Ремонт акрилового колпака

Как крепко клеить оргстекло или акрил?

Ремонт защитного колпака из оргстекла шейкера-инкубатора IKA KS 4001i

Ремонт трещин акрилового колпака шейкера IKA KS 4001i

На фото слева трещины до ремонта, справа после ремонта.

Ремонт колпака из оргстекла
  • Прорезание конических канавок
  • Заклеивание
  • Шлифовка
  • Полировка

  • Вся проводится работа у заказчика с выездом
    • Остается оригинальное оргстекло
      • Выдерживает нагрузки разрежение
      • Можно восстанавливать колпаки лиофильных сушек
Восстановление акриловой камеры инкубатора-шейкера IKA KS4000i
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EN 1822:2019 and EN ISO 29463 standards for Heigh efficiency air filters EPA, HEPA and ULPA

Введенный в 1998 году стандарт фильтров EN 1822 стал первым европейским стандартом, в котором знания о фильтрации были переведены в систему классификации высокоэффективных воздушных фильтров. Это (Введение) дало возможность оценивать эффективность фильтров, которая достигается проверкой степени отделения частиц (the degree of separation) и отсутствия утечек. Стандарт EN 1822 состоит из пяти частей и определяет классификацию и метод проверки эффективности фильтрации, основанный на способе подсчета частиц с использованием тестового аэрозоля. Это значит, что можно тестировать даже фильтры с очень высокой эффективностью улавливания. Предыдущие методы испытаний не могли этого сделать из-за недостаточных пределов обнаружения. В отличие от фильтров EPA, которые не требуют испытаний на утечку (герметичность), фильтры HEPA и ULPA тестируются индивидуально в соответствии с EN 1822 для определения эффективности (должен проити проверку на производстве). В этом процессе каждый HEPA и ULPA фильтр по отдельности подвергается тесту на утечку. Некоторые части стандарта EN 1822 в настоящее время заменены международным стандартом ISO 29463.

Содержание

  1. Классификация фильтров по стандарту EN 1822.
  2. Области применения HEPA фильтров.
  3. Какую роль играет ISO 29463 в EN 1822?
  4. Пять частей стандарта EN 1822.
  5. Как стандарт EN1822 поддерживает сдерживание SARS-CoV-2.

Классификация фильтров по стандарту EN 1822

Стандарт EN 1822 ввел систему классификации высокоэффективных фильтров очистки, которая включает три группы EPA, HEPA и ULPA разделенные на 8 классов. Классификация фильтров по стандарту ISO 29463 поддерживает разделение на группы, введенные EN 1822, но вводит (определяет) разделение фильтров) на 13 классов фильтров:

  • группа Е – EPA: Efficient Particulate Air filter
    (классы от E 10 до E 12 а так же от ISO 15 E до ISO 30 E);
  • группа Н – HEPA: High Efficiency Particulate Air filter
    (классы от H 13 до H 14 а так же от ISO 35 H до ISO 50 H);
  • группа U – ULPA: Ultra Low Penetration Air filter
    (классы от U 15 до U 17 а так же от ISO 55 U до ISO 75 U)
Классы/Группыгруппа Е – EPAгруппа Н – HEPAгруппа U – ULPA
Классификация по EN 1822от E 10 до E 12от H 13 до H 14от U 15 до U 17
Классификация по ISO 29463от ISO 15 E до ISO 30 Eот ISO 35 H до ISO 50 Hот ISO 55 U до ISO 75 U

Стандарт ISO 29463 “High efficiency filters and filter media for removing particles from air”

Области применения HEPA фильтров

В ситуациях, когда к чистоте воздуха предъявляются самые высокие требования, использование высокоэффективных фильтров просто необходимо. Они в основном используются для отделения аэрозолей, пыли и микробов. Такие фильтры играют важную роль, прежде всего, в качестве последней ступени мелкоячеистого фильтра в чувствительных зонах. Основное внимание здесь уделяется защите от загрязнения, например, микробами или переносимой по воздуху пылью.

Для таких частиц, как микроорганизмы, бактерии или сажа, особенно уместны EPA фильтры. Среди прочего, они используются в пищевой промышленности, точной механике и фармацевтической промышленности. Фильтры HEPA отделяют вирусы, переносимую по воздуху пыль или частицы от процессов горения. Типичные области применения включают операционные, отделения интенсивной терапии, электротехнику и пищевую промышленность. Фильтры ULPA отфильтровывают взвешенную пыль и особенно важны в чистых помещениях особенно при производстве микроэлектроники.

Какую роль играет ISO 29463 в EN 1822?

ISO 29463 “High efficiency filters and filter media for removing particles from air” (Высокоэффективные фильтры и фильтрующие материалы для удаления частиц из воздуха)

Стандарт опубликован в октябре 2011 года Международной организацией по стандартизации с целью унификации различных стандартов, действовавших в США и Европе.

Международный стандарт ISO 29463 основан на европейском стандарте EN 1822 и разработан с учетом практики других национальных стандартов, включая стандарты США и Японии. Вероятно, он заменит EN 1822 в будущем. Оба стандарта основаны на новейших методах подсчета частиц.

В последнюю версию европейского стандарта EN 1822: 2019 была включена процедура испытаний по ISO 29463. Проще говоря, стандарт EN 1822 имеет собственную систему классификации фильтров – часть 1, но испытания проводятся в соответствии с частями 2-5 ISO 29463.

EN 1822-1: 2019 – High efficiency air filters (EPA, HEPA and ULPA) – Part 1: Classification, performance testing, marking

ISO 29463-1:2017 – High efficiency filters and filter media for removing particles from air — Part 1: Classification, performance, testing and marking
ISO 29463-1 establishes a classification of filters based on their performance, as determined in accordance with ISO 29463‑3, ISO 29463‑4 and ISO 29463‑5. It also provides an overview of the test procedures, and specifies general requirements for assessing and marking the filters, as well as for documenting the test results. It is intended to be used in conjunction with ISO 29463‑2, ISO 29463‑3, ISO 29463‑4 and ISO 29463‑5.

Группы фильтровКлассы фильтров
EN 1822		Классы фильтров ISO 29463Интегральное значение, эффективность фильтрации MPPS, %Локальное значение, эффективность фильтрации MPPS, %
EPAЕ 10—≥85—
EPAЕ 11ISO 15 E≥95—
EPA—ISO 20 E≥99—
EPAЕ 12ISO 25 E≥99,5—
EPA—ISO 30 E≥99,9—
HEPAН 13ISO 35 H≥99,95≥99,75
HEPA—ISO 40 H≥99,99≥99,95
HEPAН 14ISO 45 H≥99,995≥99,975
HEPA—ISO 50 H≥99,999≥99,995
ULPAU 15ISO 55 U≥99,9995≥99,9975
ULPA—ISO 60 U≥99,9999≥99,9995
ULPAU 16ISO 65 U≥99,99995≥99,99975
ULPA—ISO 70 U≥99,99999≥99,9999
ULPAU 17ISO 75 U≥99,999995≥99,9999
Классификация фильтров EPA, HEPA и ULPA согласно EN 1822 и ISO 29463

Пять частей стандарта EN 1822

EN 1822 несколько раз пересматривался с момента его введения. В текущей версии части 2 – 5 заменены (соответствующими частями) стандартом ISO 29463, чтобы обеспечить международный стандарт для методов испытаний. Наиболее важным отличием европейской EN 1822 и новой международной ISO версии является классификация классов фильтров. Тем не менее, часть 1 стандарта EN 1822 остается в силе.

Часть 1: классификация, определение пропускной способности и маркировка.

EN 1822-1: 2019 – High efficiency air filters (EPA, HEPA and ULPA) – Part 1: Classification, performance testing, marking
This document applies to high efficiency particulate and ultra-low penetration air filters (EPA, HEPA and ULPA) used in the field of ventilation and air conditioning and for technical processes, e.g. for applications in clean room technology or pharmaceutical industry. It establishes a procedure for the determination of the efficiency on the basis of a particle counting method using a liquid (or alternatively a solid) test aerosol and allows a standardized classification of these filters in terms of their efficiency, both local and integral efficiency.

Этот документ распространяется на высокоэффективные фильтры для твердых частиц и воздушные фильтры со сверхнизким проникновением (EPA, HEPA и ULPA), используемые в области вентиляции и кондиционирования воздуха, а также для технических процессов, например для применения в технологии чистых помещений или в фармацевтической промышленности. Он устанавливает процедуру определения эффективности на основе метода подсчета частиц с использованием жидкого (или, альтернативно, твердого) испытательного аэрозоля и позволяет стандартизировать классификацию этих фильтров с точки зрения их эффективности, как локальной, так и интегральной эффективности.

Локальная эффективность улавливания (локальное значение) вместе с общей эффективностью улавливания (интегральное значение) размера частиц с наибольшей проникающей способностью (MPPS) составляет основу для классификации НЕРА-фильтров. Для классификации фильтров EPA проверка на утечку невозможна и не требуется. Следовательно, для этой группы не заданы локальные значения в качестве пределов обнаружения утечек.

Часть 2: производство аэрозолей, измерительное оборудование и статистика подсчета частиц

ISO 29463-2:2011 – High-efficiency filters and filter media for removing particles in air Aerosol production, measuring equipment and particle-counting statistics
specifies the aerosol production and measuring equipment used for testing high-efficiency filters and filter media in accordance with ISO 29463-3, ISO 29463-4 and ISO 29463-5, as well as the statistical basis for particle counting with a small number of counted events. It is intended to be used in conjunction with ISO 29463-1, ISO 29463-3, ISO 29463-4 and ISO 29463-5.

Часть 2 описывает оборудование для производства и измерения аэрозолей для тестирования высокоэффективных фильтров и фильтрующих материалов в соответствии со стандартом ISO 29463 части 3-5, а также статистическую основу для подсчета частиц.

Часть 3: определение минимальной эффективности

ISO 29463-3:2011 – High-efficiency filters and filter media for removing particles in air Testing flat sheet filter media
specifies the test procedure for testing the efficiency of flat sheet filter media. It is intended for use in conjunction with ISO 29463-1, ISO 29463-2, ISO 29463-4 and ISO 29463-5.

Описывается метод испытаний фракционной эффективности и определение MPPS плоского листового фильтровального материала.

Стандарт испытаний требует, чтобы фильтрующий материал перед производством был испытан в виде плоского листа на MPPS, поскольку партии одного и того же материала от одного и того же производителя могут различаться.

Метод: Образцы фильтрующего материала подвергают воздействию определенного потока воздуха, к которому добавляется тестовый аэрозоль. Частичные потоки испытуемого аэрозоля отбираются до и после испытуемого образца, а числовые концентрации частиц измеряются с использованием методов подсчета частиц. Исходя из этих результатов, можно построить кривую фракционной эффективности и определить размер частиц с наибольшим проникновением, который известен как размер частиц с наибольшей проникающей способностью (MPPS). Эти результаты зависят от фильтрующего материала и скорости воздуха и, следовательно, должны определяться для конкретного продукта.

Пример кривой фракционной эффективности улавливания нетканого фильтрующего материала.

Типичная кривая фракционной эффективности улавливания нетканого фильтрующего материала.
MPPS: Размер частиц с наибольшей проникающей способностью ≙ Минимальный уровень эффективности

Часть 4: испытания на утечку

ISO 29463-4:2011 – High-efficiency filters and filter media for removing particles in air Test method for determining leakage of filter elements. Scan method
specifies the test procedure of the “scan method”, considered to be the reference method, for determining the leakage of filter elements. It is applicable to filters ranging from classes ISO 35 H to ISO 75 U. ISO 29463-4:2011 also describes the other normative methods: the oil thread leak test and the photometer leak test, applicable to classes ISO 35 H to ISO 45 H HEPA filters, and the leak test with solid PSL aerosol. ISO 29463-4:2011 is intended for use in conjunction with ISO 29463-1, ISO 29463-2, ISO 29463-3 and ISO 29463-5.

Часть 4 стандарт регламентирует проверку герметичности фильтрующих элементов. Неточности допущенные при производстве фильтрующего материала, в уплотнении между фильтрующим материалом и корпусом или любые крошечные (мельчайшие) утечки в самом материале могут привести к локальному увеличению проскока и соответствующему увеличению локальных концентраций частиц на стороне чистого воздуха. По этой причине фильтры HEPA и ULPA (классы от H 13 до U 17, а также от ISO 35 H до ISO 75 U) проходят индивидуальные испытания на герметичность.

Для проверки фильтрующего элемента его подвергают постоянному потоку воздуха c равномерно распределенным аэрозолем со средним размером частиц, который соответствует размеру наиболее трудноулавливаемых частиц (MPPS). Используя переносной пробоотборник, измеряются локальные концентрации частиц на стороне выхода воздуха из фильтра, что вместе с измеренной концентрацией частиц в подавемом потоке дает значения локального проскока и локального улавливания соответственно. Если значения местного проскока остаются в пределах, установленных стандартом для каждого отдельного класса фильтров, фильтр можно классифицировать как герметичный. В рамках этого процесса также измеряется перепад давления на каждом фильтре.

Для фильтров HEPA (классы от H 13 до H 14, а также от ISO 35 H до ISO 50 H) испытание на герметичность также можно провести с помощью теста на масляную нить.

Если проверка прошла успешно, в протоколе об испытаниях будет подтверждено отсутствие утечек фильтра, а также его интегральная эффективность улавливания частиц. После этого фильтру будет присвоен индивидуальный идентификационный номер.

В отличие от фильтров HEPA/ULPA, фильтры EPA не испытываются индивидуально. Фильтры EPA проходят типовые испытания, при которых эффективность улавливания определяется как среднее значение некоторых случайных тестов в рамках контроля качества.

Часть 5: определение интегральной эффективности

ISO 29463-5:2022 – High-efficiency filters and filter media for removing particles in air Test method for filter elements
This document specifies the test methods for determining the efficiency of filters at their most penetrating particle size (MPPS). It also gives guidelines for the testing and classification for filters with an MPPS of less than 0,1 μm (Annex B) and filters using media with (charged) synthetic fibres (Annex C). It is intended for use in conjunction with ISO 29463‑1, ISO 29463‑2, ISO 29463‑3 and ISO 29463‑4

Часть 5 устанавливает методы испытаний для определения эффективности фильтров при максимальном размере проникающих частиц (MPPS). Также дает рекомендации по испытаниям и классификации фильтров с MPPS менее 0,1 мкм, например, мембранных (приложение B) и фильтров, изготвленных на основе материала с заряженными синтетическими волокнами (приложение C).

Этот раздел стандарта определяет интегральную эффективность фильтра в целом. Как правило, это значение рассчитывается путем усреднения локальных результатов, полученных в Части 4. Или же, интегральная эффективность улавливания может быть определена с помощью одноточечного измерения стационарного пробоотборника.

Наряду с ранее проведенны испытанием на утечку интегральная эффективность улавливания используется для классификации фильтра в соответствии с таблицей классов фильтров, приведенной в части 1 стандарта. Это подтверждается протоколом испытаний.

Испытание материала

Стандарт испытаний EN1822:2019 (в соответствии с частью 3 стандарта ISO 29463) требует, чтобы фильтрующий материал Hepa перед производством был испытан в виде плоского листа на MPPS, поскольку партии одного и того же материала от одного и того же производителя могут различаться.

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Introduction

The ISO 29463 series is derived from the EN 1822 series with extensive changes to meet the requests from non-European participating members (P-members). It contains requirements, fundamental principles of testing and the marking for high-efficiency particulate air filters with efficiencies from 95 % to 99,999 995 % that can be used for classifying filters in general or for specific use by agreement between users and suppliers.

The ISO 29463 series establishes a procedure for the determination of the efficiency of all filters on the basis of a particle counting method using a liquid (or alternatively a solid) test aerosol, and allows a standardized classification of these filters in terms of their efficiency, both local and overall efficiency, which actually covers most requirements of different applications. The difference between the ISO 29463 series and other national standards lies in the technique used for the determination of the overall efficiency. Instead of mass relationships or total concentrations, this technique is based on particle counting at the MPPS, which is, for micro-glass filter mediums, usually in the range of 0,12 μm to 0,25 μm. This method also allows testing ultra-low-penetration air filters, which was not possible with the previous test methods because of their inadequate sensitivity. For membrane filter media, separate rules apply and are described in Annex B. Although no equivalent test procedures for testing filters with charged media is prescribed, a method for dealing with these types of filters is described in Annex C. Specific requirements for testing method, frequency, and reporting requirements can be modified by agreement between users and suppliers. For lower-efficiency filters (group H, as described in 4.2), alternate leak test methods are described in ISO 29463-4:2011, Annex A.

There are differences between the ISO 29463 series and other normative practices common in several countries. For example, many of these rely on total aerosol concentrations rather than individual particles. For information, a brief summary of these methods and their reference standards are provided in Annex D.

ISO 29463-5:2022(en) High-efficiency filters and filter media for removing particles in air — Part 5: Test method for filter elements

Bibliography
[1] ISO 2859-1, Sampling procedures for inspection by attributes — Part 1: Sampling schemes indexed by acceptance quality limit (AQL) for lot-by-lot inspection
[2] ISO 9000, Quality management systems — Fundamentals and vocabulary
[3] ISO 14644-3, Cleanrooms and associated controlled environments — Part 3: Test methods
[4] ISO 29464:2017, Cleaning of air and other gases — Terminology
[5] EN 1822 (all parts), High efficiency particulate air filters (EPA, HEPA and ULPA)
[6] IEST RP CC 001, HEPA and ULPA Filters, Inst. of Env. Science and Technology, Arlington Hts, IL, USA
[7] IEST RP CC 007, Testing ULPA filters, Inst. of Env. Science and Technology, Arlington Hts, IL, USA
[8] IEST RP CC 013, Calibration Procedures and Guidelines for Select Equipment Used in Testing Cleanrooms and Other Controlled Environments, Inst. of Env. Science and Technology, Arlington Hts, IL, USA
[9] IEST RP CC 021, Testing HEPA and ULPA Media, Inst. of Env. Science and Technology, Arlington Hts, IL, USA
[10] IEST RP CC 034, Leak Testing HEPA and ULPA filters, Inst. of Env. Science and Technology, Arlington Hts, IL, USA
[11] US Military Standard 282, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components And Related Products: Performance — Test Methods
[12] Chinese National Standard GB/T 6165, Test method of the performance of high efficiency particulate air filter – Efficiency and resistance
[13] UK National Standard BS 3928, Method for sodium flame test for air filters (other than for air supply to i.c. engines and compressors)

ISO 29463-5:2022(en) High-efficiency filters and filter media for removing particles in air — Part 5: Test method for filter elements

Bibliography

[1]ISO 2859-1, Sampling procedures for inspection by attributes — Part 1: Sampling schemes indexed by acceptance quality limit (AQL) for lot-by-lot inspection
[2]ISO 9000, Quality management systems — Fundamentals and vocabulary
[3]ISO 14644-3, Cleanrooms and associated controlled environments — Part 3: Test methods
[4]ISO 29464:2017, Cleaning of air and other gases — Terminology
[5]EN 1822 (all parts), High efficiency particulate air filters (EPA, HEPA and ULPA)
[6]IEST RP CC 001, HEPA and ULPA Filters, Inst. of Env. Science and Technology, Arlington Hts, IL, USA
[7]IEST RP CC 007, Testing ULPA filters, Inst. of Env. Science and Technology, Arlington Hts, IL, USA
[8]IEST RP CC 013, Calibration Procedures and Guidelines for Select Equipment Used in Testing Cleanrooms and Other Controlled Environments, Inst. of Env. Science and Technology, Arlington Hts, IL, USA
[9]IEST RP CC 021, Testing HEPA and ULPA Media, Inst. of Env. Science and Technology, Arlington Hts, IL, USA
[10]IEST RP CC 034, Leak Testing HEPA and ULPA filters, Inst. of Env. Science and Technology, Arlington Hts, IL, USA
[11]US Military Standard 282, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components And Related Products: Performance — Test Methods
[12]Chinese National Standard GB/T 6165, Test method of the performance of high efficiency particulate air filter – Efficiency and resistance
[13]UK National Standard BS 3928, Method for sodium flame test for air filters (other than for air supply to i.c. engines and compressors)

The Origins Of EN 1822: What Does It Mean?

The EN 1822 is a European Standard that came into the first effect in 1998. It was initially used as a filter classification system for HEPA filters. The main focus here is the filtration process theory that leads to the evaluation criterion commonly known as MPPS or most penetrating particle size. In simple terms, the smallest arrestance particle size of the air filter is known as MPPS, which directly relates to the filtration process’s physical mechanisms.

However, the approach has not been taken directly into account in the US. Instead, HEPA Filters are tested through the MIL-STD-282 system that has been operational since 1956. However, many other test procedures have evolved, including the IEST-RP-CC001 and the IEST-RP-CC007 procedures. Test procedures usually specify a distinct particle size to evaluate the class of the filter.

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EN 1822: the standard that greatly impacted the European cleanrooms market

EN 1822: the standard that greatly impacted the European cleanrooms market

Inside Europe

by Thomas Schroth and Dr. Thomas Caesar

STANDARD OFFERS GUIDE TO IN SITU HEPA/ULPA FILTER TESTING

When the new standard EN 1822 “HEPA/ULPA Filters” came into force, it constituted an important step forward for cleanroom technology in Europe. EN 1822’s five parts define salient characteristics for HEPA/ULPA filters; classification, performance testing, leak-finding, and collection efficiency determination. It is possible to achieve reproducible measurements for a HEPA/ULPA filter’s most important parameters—pressure drop at nominal volume flow and collection efficiency at the efficiency minimum.

Thus, the standard makes a vital contribution to eliminating a confusing multiplicity of methods for specifying the collection efficiency of HEPA/ULPA filters.

For many users of HEPA/ULPA filters, it is of great importance to check the integrity and suitability of the HEPA/ULPA filters concerned in their installed condition. While in situ-testing of the HEPA/ULPA filters is performed in sectors like microelectronics, food production and microsystems engineering, in order to ensure the desired level of product quality, testing in the pharmaceutical industry is often even mandatory under statute law to preclude any possibility of health hazards for humans. In many actual cases, it has emerged that filter users are insufficiently informed as to what filter characteristics can be meaningfully remeasured in situ, or in what cases recourse should be had to the values determined in conformity with EN 1822 by the filter’s manufacturer.

Testing HEPA/ULPA filters at the manufacturer’s facility
A HEPA/ULPA filter’s performance data is determined in a special test rig particularly suited for these measurements and specified in EN 1822. The salient measurements involved are:

  • pressure drop at nominal volume flow
  • overall collection efficiency (integral collection efficiency) for the particle size with the highest penetration (MPPS = Most Penetrating Particle Size) at nominal volume flow
  • local collection efficiencies for the particle size with the highest penetration (MPPS) at nominal volume flow
  • freedom from leaks as from Filter Class H13

The results are used for allocation to a filter class from H10 to U17 (see Table 1). The new EN 1822 standard replaces, under European law, all national test standards for HEPA/ULPA filters, such as BS 3928, DIN 24184 or AFNOR NF X44-013. Major innovations introduced by EN 1822 include the use of modern particle-counting technology and determination of collection efficiency in the collection efficiency minimum.

Click here to enlarge image

All measurements are performed with the filter in its new condition, at a nominal volume flow, which must always be specified. A typical filter test report to EN 1822 is depicted in Figure 1. The filter being tested is scanned by means of movable aerosol feeder nozzles and measuring probes, determining a large number of local collection efficiencies, which can be found in the graphics printed in the test report.

Determining the collection efficiency minimum and the MPPS are particularly difficult operations in metrological terms. For Filter Classes H13 and H14, the standard alternatively permits what is called the oil thread test to be performed for leak-testing—in which case the filter is not scanned.


Figure 1. Multi-scan test report for a HEPA/ULPA filter Class H14 to EN 1822.Click here to enlarge image

For Filter Class U15, the determination of local collection efficiencies (scan test) is mandatory. Often, a scan test of this nature is also agreed upon between user and filter manufacturer even for filters of Class H14. Defined framework conditions have to be complied with in order to achieve the sophisticated measurements involved. These essentially comprise a constant test volume flow, a uniform velocity profile for the air over the filter’s face area, and a temporally constant concentration of test particle size (MPPS).

For statistical reasons, a sufficiently high clean-gas concentration must be assured in order to have enough counting events from the particle counters. This is directly linked to the raw-gas concentration, which has to be correspondingly high. A calibrated dilution stage must be provided for measuring the raw-gas concentration to assure the metrological detectability of the raw-gas concentration by means of condensation nucleus counters or laser particle counters in the concentration range suitable for the measuring instrument involved.

In situ filter testing
The manufacturer’s measurements at the HEPA/ULPA filter, described here in abbreviated form, cannot be adopted in their entirety for a filter test routine carried out in situ. Most of the boundary parameters involved for measuring the overall collection efficiency (integral collection efficiency) as a mean value of local collection efficiencies cannot, as a rule, be set with sufficient precision at the filter’s place of installation.

Users are accordingly recommended to have the manufacturer provide them, as necessary, with individual test reports for the HEPA/ULPA filters supplied. The filters and the associated test reports must be identified in a manner ensuring that the test reports can be unambiguously assigned to the right filter (e.g. by suitable numbering). The test report for a HEPA/ULPA filter has to provide all the relevant information on the filter concerned. The most important particulars are the specification values, the volume flow during measurement, the pressure drop at the test volume flow, the collection efficiency measured for MPPS and the filter class derived from these.

Once achievement of the overall collection efficiency and the local collection efficiencies in conformity with the specification has been documented by the filter manufacturer with informative individual test reports, the user must ensure that the filters installed have not been damaged during transport and installation, thus causing leaks at the filter itself or the filter seal. Correct installation and a tight fit in the filter mounting system must likewise be checked.

Aerosol generation and particle measuring technology
The modes of functioning and the performance limits of the instruments used for in situ measurements will be dealt with first. It will usually be necessary to create an artificial aerosol, in order to set the raw-gas concentration before the filter and the clean-gas concentration behind the filter sufficiently high.


Figure 2. Distributive depiction of the relative frequency of particle size distributions for two test aerosols.Click here to enlarge image

Suitable basic substances are oily chemicals, atomized in a particular way. The best-known substances are DOP, DEHS (DOS) or Emery 3004. The oils are atomized into ultra-fine droplets by means of an aerosol generator and inserted into the test air flow. One major advantage here is the achievement of high concentrations in a relatively narrow particle size range. The position of the size distribution’s frequency maximum will depend on the atomizing technology involved.

The widely used Laskin nozzle uses pressure to atomize the cold oil, thus achieving particle distributions with a frequency maximum of approximately 0.65 µm. A second method for generating aerosols is to evaporate the oil with heat and then condense it. The condensed oil droplets exhibit a particle size distribution between 0.1 µm and 0.3 µm.


Figure 3. Collection efficiency curve for a Class H14 HEPA filter to EN 1822 at nominal volume flow.Click here to enlarge image

Figure 2 shows a distributive depiction of the relative frequency of two particle size distributions, of the kind typically encountered with cold-atomized aerosols and from measurements with hot-generated DEHS. Because HEPA/ULPA filters mostly have their efficiency minimum in the particle size range between 0.1 µm and 0.3 µm, a filter’s collection efficiency is poorer for hot-generated aerosols than for cold-generated aerosols. No value judgement on the two procedures for aerosol generation is intended here at present. The fundamental effect on the measurements, however, is notable, because the position of the frequency maximum and the width of the particle size distribution influence the collection efficiency being measured.

The particles are measured on the raw and clean-gas sides, either with an optical particle counter or with a photometer. Optical particle counters determine the number of particles in a sample volume per time interval, referenced to a particle size interval.

For example, measurement results may be 1,625 particles per cubic foot in the size interval of 0.3 µm to 0.5 µm in the clean gas and 32,500,000 particles in the raw gas counted in 1 minute. Thus for the specified size interval of 0.3 µm to 0.5 µm, the filter’s collection efficiency would be 99.995 percent. The ratio between clean and raw-gas concentrations for this size interval is referred to as the filter’s penetration degree. The sum of penetration degree and collection efficiency always produces 100 percent. A collection efficiency curve determined in the laboratory for an H14 HEPA filter at nominal volume flow is depicted in Figure 3.

Click here to enlarge image

Photometers, by contrast, use a dispersion or extinction procedure to determine the mass concentration of the oil particles. The deflection of the pointer on the photometer is calibrated to 100 percent in the sufficiently high raw-gas concentration, and the pointer deflection in the clean gas measured in relation to it. This enables a percentage ratio to be stated between the mass concentrations in the raw and clean gases. The photometer thus does not permit statements to be made on particle number and size distribution. Photometers should be used only for leak tests on HEPA filters up to and including Class H13 to EN 1822, because the measuring procedure involved is too imprecise for very high-efficiency filters.

Standards and guidelines
The European standards and guidelines include several documents in which reference is made to in situ testing of HEPA/ULPA filters. The American Institute of Environmental Science and Technology (IEST) has also published statements on these tests in its series of Recommended Practices (RP). Table 2 provides an overview of the guidelines mentioned.

In all the documents mentioned, reference is made to the necessity for in situ testing in order to ensure freedom from damage. No stipulations are provided for carrying out collection-efficiency measurements on the installed HEPA/ULPA filters. Guideline 4/8 of the Eurovent Association even points out explicitly that the methodology described is suitable for leak detection at installed HEPA/ULPA filters, but not for determining the collection efficiency.

Performance limits of an in situ measurement routine
Two examples have been selected to illustrate the performance of measurements on HEPA/ULPA filters in situ, and in particular the interpretation of the measurements obtained. Interpretation of the measurements is extremely important, as particle measurement cannot be more precise than the sampling method and the measuring instruments involved will permit.

The first example looks at measurements taken on duct HEPA filters. Duct HEPA filters are installed in the ducts of air-conditioning systems similarly to prefilters (e.g. pocket filters or cassette filters), and the clean air is fed to its destination via a duct system after being filtered. Most duct HEPA filters have to handle relatively large quantities of air per face area unit, so as to keep the filter housing within acceptable dimensions, and frequently conform to Filter Class H13 to EN 1822. For this filter class, EN 1822 specifies an individual leak test on the filter manufacturer’s premises, so that the filter, the support system and the tight fit can usefully be checked again for leaks after the filter has been installed.

Figure 4 shows a typical measuring set-up for testing a duct HEPA filter. The measuring instrument used can be both a particle counter and a photometer. Before beginning the measurements, it is important to check whether the filter’s raw and clean-gas sides are sufficiently accessible and whether the position of points for the sampling are conveniently located.

When measuring the raw-gas concentration, it is essential to check (if using particle counters) that the maximum particle number concentration specified by the manufacturer of the counter is not being exceeded. If this maximum concentration is exceeded, there will be coincidence errors—many small particles will be measured as a few large particles.

Because the particle concentration is considerably lower on the clean-air side of the filter being tested, the small particles there are correctly counted, and the measurements taken erroneously indicate a poorer collection performance of the filter concerned. For this reason, the raw-gas concentration usually has to be reduced using an interpolated calibrated dilution stage, and only then is the air fed to the particle counter.


Figure 4. Typical measuring set-up for testing a duct HEPA/ULPA filter.Click here to enlarge image

For the measuring method described, the location of the sampling point in the duct must also be carefully chosen. While for determining the static pressure drop over an air filter it is sufficient to connect the pressure gauge directly to a hole in the duct’s wall, for a particle counter or photometer measuring routine a measuring probe has to be inserted into the air flow. Care should be taken to avoid falsifying the results obtained by marginal effects such as laminar boundary-layer flows in the wall area. To illustrate this, the velocity profile of the air in the duct flow is included in Figure 4.

On the clean-air side, the HEPA/ULPA filter’s complete downstream area must be scanned with a movable probe. The traversing speed should not be more than 5 cm/s, so as to ensure a sufficient dwell time of the measuring probe above any possible leak. It should be pointed out here that HEPA/ULPA filters with V-shaped pleat packages cannot be scanned, because the measuring probe cannot be brought close enough to a possible leak in the pleated package. Deep-pleated HEPA/ULPA filters with pleat packages at right angles to the air flow are substantially more suited for scanning. The problems involved are illustrated in Figure 5.

For determining very small particles with a diameter of less than 0.5 µm, it is not absolutely essential to take the sample with isokinetic precision. Sampling should, however, not deviate too far from the isokinetic conditions involved. Measuring errors resulting from non-isokinetic sampling become increasingly important with rising particle size.


Figure 5. Schematic depiction of a HEPA/ULPA filter with V-shaped configuration of the pleat packages (left) in comparison to a HEPA/ULPA filter with a deep-pleated filter medium (right).Click here to enlarge image

Finally, the fundamental differences between particle-counter and photometer measurements need mentioning again. Particle counters detect the numerical distribution of the particles, whereas photometers ascertain the mass distribution. The frequency maxima of the numerical and mass distributions will not usually be located at the same particle size. Large particles contribute a sizable proportion of the mass distribution, because the particle diameter enters into the particle mass to the power of three. For this reason, particle counters inevitably produce different results from photometers when determining collection efficiency. Both measuring methods are suitable for locating a leak at H13 duct filters, because all that is necessary is to detect a locally excessive clean-gas concentration in relation to the raw-gas concentration. Leaks from HEPA/ULPA filters usually cause higher local penetration, thus ensuring that the leak is found.

As can be seen in Figure 6, the second example is designed to illustrate the measuring set-up for a terminal HEPA/ULPA filter, installed, for instance, in ceiling air outlets or in filter ceilings of laminar flow areas. Terminal HEPA/ULPA filters usually conform to Filter Classes H14, U15, U16 or U17 to EN 1822, or (less often) to Class H13 as well.

By reason of the lesser measuring accuracy of photometers, it is advisable to use particle counters as measuring instruments from Class H14 upwards, and mandatory from Class U15. The example is intended to show the importance of a sufficiently high raw-gas concentration, the traversing speed of the measuring probe during clean-gas-side scanning of a HEPA/ULPA filter, the sampling volume flow of particle counters, and statistical evaluation of the measurements obtained. Attention to these parameters is gaining progressively in importance for measurements on HEPA/ULPA filters of the higher filter classes.


Figure 6. Measuring set-up for terminal HEPA/ULPA filters of Class H14 to EN 1822.Click here to enlarge image

The Class H14 HEPA filter shown in Figure 6 has a face area of 610 x 610 mm2 and was being subjected to an air flow of 600 m3/h. On the raw-gas side, a concentration of 35,300,000 particles (e.g. DEHS particles) 0.3 µm in size is to be set per cubic meter of air. The values for the raw-gas concentration, measured via an interpolated 1-to-10 dilution stage, fluctuate approximately around this target level. A second, identical particle counter (without the dilution stage) is used to measure the clean-gas concentration at the same time as the raw-gas concentration. Both particle counters possess a sample volume flow of 28.3 l/min. or 1 ft3/min. In conformity with the specifications laid down in the Standards and Guidelines section of this article, the probe’s speed during scanning can not exceed 5 cm/s.

The duration of the scanning function in this example was accordingly specified as 3 minutes and both the raw and clean-gas sides 84.9 l (3 ft3) were taken as the sample volume. The measurements were repeated three times. The results of the three measuring routines for the particle size 0.3 µm are shown in Table 3.

From these measurement results, it can be clearly concluded that the HEPA/ULPA filter tested has been tightly fitted during installation, and has no leaks. If there had been a leak, the penetration values would have been higher by at least one power of ten.


Figure 7. Graphical depiction of the measured values from Table 3 with mean value and 95% confidence interval (left) in comparison to a measurement with nine repetitions (right), where the first three values are identical to the values in Table 3.Click here to enlarge image

No conclusions can be drawn from these measurements as to compliance with the integral minimum collection efficiency stated by the manufacturer of 99.995 percent for MPPS in order to comply with Class H14 to EN 1822. This, as shown in Figure 7, is to be explained using statistical analysis of the measurements concerned. The importance of a sufficiently high raw-gas concentration emerges clearly here, in order to achieve enough counter events on the clean-gas side. The measurements documented in Table 3, following calculation of mean value and standard deviation, produce the 95 percent confidence interval shown in Figure 7.

With 95 percent certainty, the actual value of the collection efficiency lies within the bandwidth depicted, which in the example with three measurements (Fig. 7) ends below the collection efficiency of 99.995 percent. Thus it is not possible with this measuring method to arrive at an unambiguous statement as to whether Class H14 has been achieved or not.

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If, for example, the raw-gas concentration were to be lower by a factor of 10, then because of the smaller number of counter events on the clean-air side the size of the 95 percent-confidence-interval would increase substantially, rendering it much more difficult to draw conclusions on the actual collection efficiency. Increasing the raw-gas or increasing the number of measurements would of course upgrade the accuracy of the measurements and the statistical certainty.

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This point is well illustrated in the right-hand diagram of Figure 7. Increasing the number of measurements causes the width of the confidence interval to decrease. Reducing the traversing speed of the clean-air-side measuring probe to below 5 cm/s would likewise increase the accuracy of the measurements at the cost of making the routine take longer. The use of particle counters with a smaller sample volume flow would require the measuring times to be significantly extended, because otherwise insufficient counter events would be available on the clean-air side.

One general principle applying to measurements is that the system-inherent measuring should not lie within the same order of magnitude as the values determined. Table 4 gives an overview of the causes involved in system-inherent measuring errors during particle counter measurements on HEPA/ULPA filters already installed.

In the event of a leak in the filter, the situation for the measurements described is a more favorable one. Under EN 1822, a HEPA/ULPA filter of Class H14 has a leak when locally the collection efficiency is smaller than 99.975 percent. This value lies significantly below the 95 percent-confidence-interval. If, locally, a collection efficiency of less than 99.975 percent is measured, then the probability is high that there is a leak at this point of the filter. If the collection efficiency stated by the filter manufacturer deviates from the specified value by one power of ten, or one filter class, then, if carried out meticulously, the measuring procedure described is likewise suitable for evidencing this divergence from the specification.

Even though the example cites measurements from an H14 filter, the statements made apply analogously for measurements taken from ULPA filters in Classes U15, U16 and U17 to EN 1822. It is necessary to ensure a sufficiently high raw-gas concentration.

Summary
In cleanroom technology, collection efficiency and freedom from leaks are usually tested and documented at the manufacturer’s facility for HEPA/ULPA filters as from Filter Class H13 by means of a standardized filter test in conformity with EN 1822. When the measurements at the installed filter (in situ) are meticulously carried out, the user has an option for evidencing freedom from leaks with a high degree of certainty.

The customary metrological arrangements offer only limited options for checking the collection efficiency at a filter in situ, because the system-inherent measuring error often lies in the same order of magnitude as the measured value involved. In situ, therefore, only serious deviations from the filter’s specified collection values can be evidenced with a reasonable metrological outlay.

Thomas Schrothand Dr. Thomas Caesar are representatives of The Freudenberg Nonwovens Group, Filter Division, based in Weinheim, Germany.